Micp Lec Wk 4

What field of study focuses on the immune system and its responses?

• Neurology
• Cardiology
• Endocrinology
• Immunology

What term describes any substance that can trigger an immune response, whether it be humoral, cellular, or a combination of both?

• Antibody
• Cytokine
• Immunogen  
• Lymphocyte

What term describes a substance that is specifically recognized by an antibody or T cell and acts as the target of an immune response?

• Antigen
• Immunoglobulin
• Interleukin
• Macrophage

What term refers to the body's ability to defend itself against disease caused by microbes, their products, pollutants, toxins, and animal dander?

• Inflammation
• Allergy
• Homeostasis
• Immunity

What term describes the state of being vulnerable to disease due to a lack of immunity?

• Hypersensitivity
• Susceptibility
• Tolerance
• Resistance

What type of immunity is characterized by being present at birth, providing rapid protection against microbes, having a pre-existing response, and exhibiting the same response regardless of the antigen or prior exposure?

• Innate Immunity
• Adaptive Immunity
• Passive Immunity
• Humoral Immunity

What type of immunity develops over days, is specific to an antigen, and has memory?

• Innate immunity
• Passive immunity
• Adaptive immunity
• Autoimmunity

What type of immunity is present from birth and exists prior to exposure to an antigen?

• Adaptive Immunity
• Innate Immunity
• Passive Immunity
• Acquired Immunity

Which line of defense includes intact skin, enzymes in tears and body secretions, and normal flora?

• Second line
• Third line
• Fourth line
• First line

Which line of defense, representing the innate arm of the immune system, includes inflammation, natural killer cells, and phagocytes?

• First line
• Third line
• Second line
• Fourth line

Which type of cell in the choices specifically targets and destroys virus-infected cells?

• Natural Killer cells  
• Neutrophils
• Macrophages
• T cells

What substance, released by activated cells, inhibits viral replication?

• Antibodies
• Histamines
• Cytokines
• Interferons

Which line of defense, representing the adaptive arm of the immune system, involves B cells and T cells?

• First line
• Second line
• Third line
• Fourth line

What type of immunity, also known as acquired immunity, develops after exposure to an antigen?

• Innate Immunity
• Passive Immunity
• Natural Immunity
• Adaptive Immunity

Which organs are considered the primary (central) lymphoid organs?

• Spleen, Lymph nodes
• Tonsils, Spleen
• Thymus, Bone marrow
• Lymph nodes, Tonsils

What category of organs do lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, including tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches of the small intestine, belong to?

• Primary Lymphoid Organs
• Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
• Bone Marrow
• Thymus

What type of immunity, encompassing antibody activity and primary and secondary reactions, is characterized as either innate or acquired, and can be further classified as humoral or cell-mediated?

• Cell-mediated Immunity
• Passive Immunity
• Humoral Immunity
• Artificial Immunity

What are globulin proteins, also known as immunoglobulins, that specifically react with antigens that triggered their production?

• Antigens
• Antibodies
• Lymphocytes
• Cytokines

What immunoglobulin isotype primarily functions to signal B cell activation, preparing them for immune defense, and is the exclusive isotype expressed by immature B cells during differentiation?

• IgM
• IgG
• IgD
• IgA

Which immunoglobulin isotype is the most abundant in the body, constitutes 75-80% of antibodies in blood plasma, has the longest lifespan, can cross the placental barrier to provide passive immunity to a fetus, and retains memory of past pathogens?

• IgM
• IgG
• IgD
• IgA

Which immunoglobulin isotype is the first to respond to new bacterial invaders, initiates the primary immune response, and is also known as a natural antibody due to its role as the first line of defense, providing short-term protection?

• IgM
• IgG
• IgD
• IgA

Which immunoglobulin isotype is primarily responsible for allergic reactions, found in the lungs, skin, and mucosal membranes, triggers histamine release from basophils and mast cells upon allergen binding, and also plays a role in defense against parasitic infections?

• IgM
• IgG
• IgA
• IgE

Which immunoglobulin isotype is predominantly found in mucosal tissues and secretions, constitutes 15% of all antibodies, acts as a first-line defense by tagging pathogens and preventing their epithelial adhesion, and is present in saliva, tears, and breast milk?

• IgM
• IgG
• IgA
• IgE

What is the immune response called when antibodies become detectable in serum 7-10 days after the initial antigen interaction, with IgM appearing first, followed by IgG or IgA?

• Secondary Response
• Primary Response
• Passive Immunity
• Innate Immunity

What type of white blood cell engulfs and destroys microorganisms, clears dead cells, and activates other immune system cells?

• Basophil
• Lymphocyte
• Eosinophil
• Macrophage

What type of immune cell, crucial for adaptive immunity, activates other immune cells like cytotoxic T cells and B cells upon detecting infection?

• Helper T cells
• Macrophages
• Natural Killer cells
• Neutrophils

What type of white blood cell, a lymphocyte, is responsible for destroying infected and diseased cells, including cancer cells?

• Macrophages
• Natural Killer Cells
• Helper T cells
• Neutrophils

What type of immune cell, also known as a killer T cell, destroys virus-infected cells and is one of the three main cell types developed in the thymus?

• Cytotoxic T Cell
• Helper T cell
• Macrophage
• Natural Killer cell

What term describes an immune response that leads to exaggerated or inappropriate reactions, causing harm to the host?

• Immunodeficiency
• Hypersensitivity
• Autoimmunity
• Tolerance

What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by IgE-mediated allergic reactions to environmental antigens, involves mast cell activation, eosinophil infiltration, and manifests in immediate and late phases with symptoms like hives, eczema, rhinitis, asthma, and potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis?

• Type I hypersensitivity
• Type II hypersensitivity
• Type III hypersensitivity
• Type IV hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity, also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity, involves IgG and IgM binding to cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction through complement activation, phagocytosis, or cytotoxic T cell activity, exemplified by blood transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of newborns, and includes mechanisms like antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody complement-dependent lysis?

• Type I hypersensitivity
• Type II hypersensitivity
• Type III hypersensitivity
• Type IV hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity involves T cell-mediated reactions, delayed onset, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and examples like PPD reactions, contact dermatitis, and transplant rejection?

• Type I hypersensitivity
• Type II hypersensitivity
• Type III hypersensitivity
• Type IV hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity involves the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue injury, and is characterized by IgG or IgM involvement, complement activation, and neutrophil recruitment, with examples including kidney damage in malaria and dengue?

• Type I hypersensitivity
• Type II hypersensitivity
• Type III hypersensitivity
• Type IV hypersensitivity

What type of immunity is naturally present from birth, providing initial resistance to disease?

• Acquired Immunity
• Innate Immunity
• Adaptive Immunity
• Passive Immunity

What type of immunity develops during an individual's lifetime, is not inherited, and is induced through specific mechanisms?

• Acquired Immunity
• Innate Immunity
• Passive Immunity
• Natural Immunity

What type of vaccine is prepared from live, weakened organisms and includes examples like oral polio, measles, and BCG?

• Toxoid vaccines
• Subunit vaccines
• Live attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines

What type of vaccine uses organisms that have been killed by heat or chemicals, is considered safe but generally less effective than live vaccines, and includes examples like rabies and hepatitis A?

• Live attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated or Killed vaccine
• Toxoid vaccines
• Subunit vaccines

What type of vaccine is prepared from detoxified bacterial exotoxins and is highly efficacious and safe, with examples including diphtheria and tetanus vaccines?

• Live attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Subunit vaccines
• Toxoids

What type of vaccine is prepared from extracted cellular components, has a limited history of use, and is known for high efficacy and safety, with examples like meningococcal and hepatitis B polypeptide vaccines?

• Cellular fraction vaccines
• Live attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Toxoids

What type of vaccine contains multiple immunizing agents to protect against several diseases simultaneously, such as the pentavalent vaccine (DPT, Hib, HepB)?

• Live attenuated vaccines
• Combination vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Toxoids

What type of vaccine, a unique inactivated subunit vaccine, is composed of long chains of sugar molecules from bacterial capsules and is used to protect against diseases like pneumococcal and meningococcal infections?

• Toxoid vaccines
• Live attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Polysaccharide vaccines

What term describes a vaccine that can be either designed to protect against a single antigen or multiple antigens of the same microorganism?

• Live attenuated vaccine
• Inactivated vaccine
• Valence Vaccine
• Toxoid vaccine