Health Education

When did the Department of Health launch its Hospitals as Centers for Wellness program, assigning each hospital a health education and promotion officer?

• 1990
• 1993
• 1995
• 1998

When were programs geared toward managing the major health issues affecting the Philippines implemented?

• 2005
• 2015
• 2020
• 2010

As the nursing profession continuously evolves and the scope of responsibility expands, what does this expanded scope include?

• Teaching as a function within the scope of nursing practice
• Administrative duties in hospital management
• Prescribing medications independently
• Performing surgical procedures

As the nursing profession continuously evolves and the scope of responsibility expands, what does this expanded scope include?

• Focusing solely on direct patient care
• Limiting their involvement to hospital settings
• Educating their colleagues, training the trainer, and acting as a clinical instructor
• Specializing exclusively in research

Who concluded, "Health Education profession has been helping people for a very long time," and when did they reach this conclusion?

• Green and Kreuter (1990
• Rubinson and Alles (1984)
• Parcel and Baranowski (1995)
• McKenzie, Pinger, and Dervin (2005)

Which of the seven areas of responsibility in health education encompasses providing the foundation of program planning, determining existing health problems in any age group, and including the determination of available community resources to address the problem?

• Assessing the individual, family, and community needs for health education
• Implementing Health Education Programs
• Administering Health Education Programs
• Evaluating Health Education Programs

Which of the seven areas of responsibility in health education encompasses the development of specific and measurable goals and objectives, the creation of interventions to meet those goals, and the implementation of sufficiently robust and effective strategies with a reasonable chance of meeting the stated objectives (according to the rule of sufficiency)?

• Implementing Health Education Programs
• Coordinating Health Education Programs
• Planning Health Education Strategies, Interventions, and Programs based on needs assessment
• Evaluating Health Education Programs

Which of the seven areas of responsibility in health education encompasses implementation based on a thorough understanding of the priority populations and utilizing a wide range of educational methods and strategies?

• Implementing Health Education Programs
• Evaluating Health Education Programs
• Coordinating Health Education Programs
• Planning Health Education Strategies, Interventions, and Programs based on priority population

Which of the following are included in the seven areas of responsibility for health education?

• Conduct Evaluation and Research related to Health Education
• Administer Health Education Strategies, Interventions, and Programs
• Serves as Health Education Resource Person
• Advocate for health and Health Education

What is a systematic, sequential, planned course of action consisting of two major interdependent operations, teaching and learning, forming a continuous cycle involving two interdependent players, the teacher and the learner, who jointly perform teaching and learning activities, the outcome of which leads to mutually desired behavior changes?

• Training Process
• Educational Process
• Developmental Process
• Instructional Process

What is a deliberate intervention that involves the planning and implementation of instructional activities and experiences to meet intended learner outcomes according to a teaching plan, and what is a component of this intervention that involves communicating information about a specific skill in the cognitive, psychomotor, or affective domain?

• Learning/Training
• Education/Development
• Facilitation/Guidance
• Teaching/Instruction

What is defined as a change in behavior, encompassing skills, knowledge, and behavior, that can be observed and measured at any time or in any place as a result of exposure to environmental stimuli?

• Teaching
• Learning
• Instruction
• Training

According to Friedman et al. (2011), what is a set of planned educational activities using a combination of methods (teaching, counseling, etc.) to improve behavior modification and ultimately improve patients' knowledge and health behaviors?

• Health Promotion
• Patient Education
• Community Health
• Disease Prevention

What do the following describe: providing clinically competent and coordinated care to the public; involving patients and their families in decision-making regarding health interventions; providing clients with education and counseling on ethical issues; expanding public access to effective care; ensuring cost-effective and appropriate care for the consumer; and providing for the prevention of illness and promotion of healthy lifestyles?

• The role of the nurse in research
• The role of the nurse in administration
• The role of the nurse in community health
• The role of the nurse educator in staff and patient education

What do the following describe: promoting adherence to healthcare treatment plans; increasing consumer satisfaction; improving quality of life; ensuring continuity of care; decreasing patient anxiety; effectively reducing complications; maximizing independence in ADLs; and empowering consumers to actively involve themselves in planning for their care?

• The benefits of effective patient education
• The challenges of patient education
• The methods of patient education
• The settings for patient education

What letter in the ASSURE model refers to the teacher studying the attributes of her learners, focusing on characteristics associated with desired learning outcomes, and gathering information to guide decisions in subsequent steps, including general attributes, prior competencies, and learning styles?

• State Objectives
• Select Methods, Media, and Materials
• Analyze Learners
• Require Learner Participation

What does the first "S" in the ASSURE model mean?

• Select Methods, Media, and Materials
• Study the Situation
• Summarize Learning Outcomes
• State Standards and Objectives

What does the second "S" in the ASSURE model mean?

• Select Strategies, Technology, Media, and Materials
• Study the Situation
• Summarize Learning Outcomes
• State Standards and Objectives

What does the "U" in the ASSURE model mean?

• Utilize Technology, Media, and Materials
• Understand Learning Styles
• Uncover Prior Knowledge
• Unit Planning

What does the "R" in the ASSURE model mean?

• Require Learner Participation/Performance
• Review Objectives
• Relate to Prior Knowledge
• Revise and Reflect

What does the "E" in the ASSURE model mean?

• Engage Learners
• Establish Objectives
• Evaluate and Revise
• Explain Content

What is a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn, and has been developed and tested over the past century to guide the educational process?

• Teaching Methodology
• Learning Theory
• Curriculum Design
• Assessment Strategy

Which learning theory emphasizes the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior through conditioning, focusing on observable behaviors and stimulus-response associations, as exemplified by Pavlov's classical conditioning?

• Behaviorist Learning Theory
• Cognitive Learning Theory
• Constructivist Learning Theory
• Humanist Learning Theory

What is a technique based on respondent conditioning, used to reduce fear and anxiety by gradually introducing a fear-producing stimulus at a nonthreatening level while the individual is in a state of relaxation?

• Cognitive restructuring
• Operant conditioning
• Behavior modification
• Systematic desensitization

What is the tendency of initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli, such as a positive or negative personal hospital encounter influencing subsequent feelings about hospitalization?

• Stimulus discrimination
• Stimulus generalization
• Operant conditioning
• Cognitive dissonance

What respondent conditioning concept explains the reappearance of an extinguished response, even after a long period, especially when stimulus conditions are similar to the initial learning experience, and helps understand the difficulty in eliminating unhealthy habits?

• Extinction burst
• Negative reinforcement
• Spontaneous recovery
• Cognitive restructuring

What occurs when an individual learns to differentiate among similar stimuli through one or more varied experiences?

• Stimulus Discrimination
• Stimulus Generalization
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Respondent Conditioning

Highlights the importance of the healthcare facility's atmosphere and its effects on staff morale, and explains how patients and visitors formulate long-lasting attitudes toward medicine, healthcare facilities, and health professionals based on their hospital experiences?

• Operant conditioning
• Social learning theory
• Respondent conditioning
• Cognitive learning theory

Which learning theory, developed largely by B.F. Skinner, focuses on the behavior of an organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response?

• Operant Conditioning  
• Classical Conditioning
• Cognitive Learning Theory
• Humanistic Learning Theory

In operant coditioning, this is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again. When specific responses are reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or decreased.

• Punishment
• Negative Stimulus
• Reinforcer
• Conditioned Response

What is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in behavior?

• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

What is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior?

• Operant Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning
• Social Learning Theory
• Cognitive Learning Theory

What greatly enhances the likelihood that a response will be repeated in similar circumstances, such as praising a patient's efforts to walk after an operation, which improves the chances that they will continue striving for independence?

• Administering punishment
• Providing negative reinforcement
• Ignoring the behavior
• Giving positive reinforcement

What type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response is made, through either escape conditioning or avoidance conditioning?

• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

What type of punishment, also known as punishment by application, involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken a response?

• Negative Punishment
• Negative Reinforcement
• Positive Punishment
• Positive Reinforcement

Is punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs?

• Positive Punishment
• Negative Punishment

As an unpleasant stimulus is being applied, the individual responds in some way that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to cease. Suppose, for example, that when a member of the healthcare team is being chastised in front of the group for being late and missing meetings, she says something humorous. The head of the team stops criticizing her and laughs. Because the use of humor has allowed the team member to escape an unpleasant situation, chances are that she will employ humor again to alleviate a stressful encounter and thereby deflect attention from her problem behavior, is this an example of?

• Escape Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning

The unpleasant stimulus is anticipated rather than being applied directly. This has been used to explain some people’s tendency to become ill so as to avoid doing something they do not want to do. For example, a child fearing a teacher or test may tell his mother that he has a stomachache. If allowed to stay home from school, the child increasingly may complain of sickness to avoid unpleasant situations. Thus, when fearful events are anticipated, sickness, in this case, is the behavior that has been increased through negative reinforcement. What is this phenomenon called?

• Learned Helplessness
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Extinction
• Avoidance Conditioning

The key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition (perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information). This is a highly active process largely directed by the individual. It involves perceiving the information, interpreting it based on what is already known, and then reorganizing the information into new insights or understanding. What is this concept called?

• Behavioral Conditioning
• Cognitive Learning Theory
• Social Learning Theory
• Humanistic Psychology

Psychological organization is directed toward simplicity, equilibrium, and regularity. For example, study the bewildered faces of some patients listening to a complex, detailed explanation about their disease; what they actually desire most is a simple, clear explanation that settles their uncertainty and relates directly to them and their familiar experiences. What psychological principle is being described?

• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Behaviorism
• Cognitive Dissonance
• Gestalt Principle

A cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning (Gagné, 1985; Sternberg, 2006). How information is incorporated and retrieved is useful for nurses to know, especially in relation to older people’s learning (Hooyman & Kiyak, 2005; Kessels, 2003). What is this perspective called?

• Psychodynamic Theory
• Operant Conditioning
• Humanistic Approach
• Information Processing

Emphasizes how cognition are based on how external events are conceptualized, organized and represented with each person which is partially dependent in individual stages of development in perception, reasoning and readiness to learn. (sensorimotor, preoperational, operational, formal). What is this concept called?

• Human Development
• Social Psychology
• Behavioral Genetics
• Evolutionary Psychology

The individual formulates or constructs their own version of reality and that learning and human development are richly colored by social and cultural context. What is this concept called?

• Classical Conditioning
• Social Constructivism
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Psychoanalytic Theory

Which theory explains human behavior as a result of observing others' actions and their consequences?

• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Social Learning Theory
• Cognitive Development Theory

Social learning theory is largely based on the work of which psychologist?

• Albert Bandura
• B.F. Skinner
• Sigmund Freud
• Jean Piaget

• Classical Conditioning
• Reinforcement Schedules
• Role Modeling
• Cognitive Dissonance

Which concept from social learning theory involves determining whether role models are perceived as rewarded or punished for their behavior?

• Direct Reinforcement
• Self-Efficacy
• Observational Conditioning
• Vicarious Reinforcement

What are the four conditions for effective modeling in social learning theory?

• Observation, Adaptation, Reinforcement, Execution
• Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
• Imitation, Memory, Conditioning, Reward
• Exposure, Interpretation, Practice, Feedback

What theory, also known as psychoanalytic theory, seeks to elucidate personality by delving into unconscious psychological processes, posits that childhood experiences play a pivotal role in molding adult personality, and is primarily linked to the contributions of Sigmund Freud?

• Behavioral theory
• Psychodynamic theory
• Cognitive theory
• Humanistic theory

Which model of Freud explains that unconscious material is the primary determinant of personality?

• Topographic
• Structural
• Psychosexual
• Defense Mechanism

Which model of Freud explains that fixation at a particular psychosexual stage leads to an associated personality type?

• Topographic
• Structural
• Defense Mechanism
• Psychosexual

Which model of Freud explains that Id, Ego, and Superego dynamics determine personality traits and defense strategies?

• Psychosexual
• Topographic
• Structural
• Defense Mechanism

Which learning theory focuses on the idea that children are good at the core, that education should focus on teaching the "whole" child, that the student is the authority on how they learn, and that all of their needs should be met in order for them to learn well, emphasizing self-esteem, goals, and full autonomy?

• Humanistic Learning Theory
• Cognitive Learning Theory
• Behaviorist Learning Theory
• Constructivist Learning Theory

What are the following characteristics describing: require teacher guidance, self-discovery/generalization of past experiences, background experience, sufficient mental maturity, readiness, desire of the learner, goal-directed provisional trials, new has meaning to old, motivation of the learner, provision of transfer, and no anxiety and mental problems?

• Learning Objectives
• Teaching Methodologies
• Assessment Strategies
• Principles of Learning

What are the following points describing: a set of external events designed to support internal learning processes, the distinction between external teaching and internal learning, the importance of self-motivation in motivating others, and the understanding that learning is both a motive and behavior, with only behavior being observable?

• Learning Theories
• Concepts of Teaching
• Educational Assessments
• Instructional Strategies

What are the following points describing: the importance of meaningful, organized, and structured subject matter; the necessity of readiness; the role of motivation; the impact of student involvement in goal setting; the motivating force of success; the effect of challenging yet achievable tasks; the value of knowledge of learning progress; the efficacy of reinforcement; the importance of immediate reward; the superiority of directed learning; the benefits of inquiry-based and problem-oriented approaches; the significance of practice; and the effectiveness of supervised practice in functional education experiences?

• Learning Theories
• Educational Psychology Concepts
• Instructional Design Models
• Principles of Teaching and Learning

What are the following points describing: professional competence, skillful interpersonal relationships with students, desirable personal characteristics, effective teaching practice, sound evaluation practice, and availability to students in the laboratory clinical area?

• Nursing Curriculum Components
• Nursing Clinical Skills
• Hallmarks of Good or Effective Teaching in Nursing
• Nursing Educational Theories

What are the following points describing: lack of time to teach, lack of preparation to teach, personal characteristics of a nurse as a teacher, low priority given to education by administration, lack of space and privacy, absence of reimbursement, questions about the effectiveness of patient education, need for standardized content and clear responsibilities, and inadequate documentation time and forms?

• Barriers in Education
• Principles of Adult Learning
• Effective Teaching Strategies
• Nursing Education Standards

What are factors hindering or preventing the nurse’s ability to deliver health education programs/services to patients or family members

• Learning Objectives
• Teaching Methodologies
• Barriers in Education
• Assessment Strategies

What are factors affecting the ability of learners to process information?

• Obstacles to Learning
• Teaching Strategies
• Learning Theories
• Assessment Methods

What refers to the general phases of growth and maturation that individuals go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood, characterized by cognitive, emotional, social, and physical changes, and is essential for educators, parents, and caregivers to understand?

• Learning Styles
• Developmental Stages of Learners
• Educational Objectives
• Behavioral Theories

Which developmental stage is characterized by rapid sensory and motor development and the formation of trust versus mistrust?

• Preschool
• Toddlerhood
• School Age
• Infancy

Which developmental stage is characterized by preoperational thinking, symbolic representation, and the development of autonomy versus shame and doubt?

• Infancy
• Early Childhood
• Middle Childhood
• Adolescence

Which developmental stage is characterized by concrete operations and the psychosocial stage of industry versus inferiority?

• Middle and Late Childhood
• Early Childhood
• Adolescence
• Infancy

Which developmental stage is characterized by formal operations and the psychosocial stage of identity versus role confusion?

• Early Adulthood
• Middle Adulthood
• Late Adulthood
• Adolescence

Which developmental stage is characterized by formal operations and the psychosocial stage of intimacy versus isolation?

• Adolescence
• Young Adulthood
• Middle Adulthood
• Late Adulthood

Which developmental stage is characterized by formal operations and the psychosocial stage of generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation?

• Young Adulthood
• Late Adulthood
• Adolescence
• Middle-Aged Adulthood

Which developmental stage is characterized by formal operations and the psychosocial stage of ego integrity versus despair?

• Middle-Aged Adulthood
• Young Adulthood
• Older Adulthood
• Adolescence

What are tailored to the diverse stages of learners' developmental milestones, essential for creating effective and engaging educational experiences, and involve recognizing cognitive, emotional, social, and physical changes to design instructional methods that align with unique needs and abilities, encompassing early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood?

• Teaching Strategies
• Learning Theories
• Assessment Methods
• Educational Philosophies

What term, coined by Knowles (1990), describes the art and science of helping adults learn?

• Pedagogy
• Andragogy
• Geragogy
• Heutagogy

What is the art and science of helping children learn, with different stages of childhood divided according to developmental theorists?

• Andragogy
• Gerontology
• Heutagogy
• Pedagogy

What term is used to describe the teaching of older persons, which must accommodate the normal physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur in this phase of growth and development?

• Andragogy
• Pedagogy
• Geragogy
• Heutagogy

In criteria prioritizing need, which term explains needs that must be learned for survival or situations in which the learner’s life or safety is threatened?

• Desirable
• Possible
• Situational
• Mandatory

In criteria prioritizing need, which term explains needs that are not life-dependent but are related to well-being or the overall ability to provide quality care in situations involving changes in institutional procedure?

• Mandatory
• Possible
• Situational
• Desirable

In criteria prioritizing need, which term explains needs for information that are "nice to know" but not essential or required, or situations in which the learning need is not directly related to daily activities?

• Possible
• Mandatory
• Desirable
• Situational

What can be defined as the time when the learner demonstrates an interest in learning the type or degree of information necessary to maintain optimal health or to become more skillful in a job?

• Learning Style
• Learning Objective
• Readiness to Learn
• Educational Assessment

What are the following points describing: physical readiness (measures of ability, complexity of task, environmental effects, health status, and gender), emotional readiness (support system, motivation, risk-taking behavior, frame of mind, and developmental stage), experiential readiness (past coping mechanisms, cultural background, locus of control, and orientation), and present knowledge base (cognitive ability, learning disabilities, and learning styles)?

• Learning Theories
• Components of Readiness to Learn
• Assessment Strategies
• Educational Objectives

What refers to the ways individuals process information, taking into account cognitive, affective, and physiological factors, recognizing that each learner is unique and complex, and acknowledging that learning style models are based on both biological and environmental influences?

• Teaching Methodologies
• Assessment Strategies
• Learning Styles
• Educational Objectives

Which learning style model, developed by Rita and Kenneth Dunn in 1967, uses a self-reporting instrument to identify how individuals prefer to function, learn, concentrate, and perform in their educational activities?

• Kolb's Learning Style Inventory
• VARK Model
• Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
• Dunn and Dunn Learning Style

Which learning style model, based on Carl G. Jung's theory, categorizes individuals into 16 personality types based on preferences in four dichotomies (Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, and Judging/Perceiving), and provides insights into how individuals approach information, problem-solving, and decision-making?

• Myers and Briggs Learning Style
• Dunn and Dunn Learning Style
• Kolb's Learning Style Inventory
• VARK Model

Which learning theory, developed by David Kolb in early 1984, posits that knowledge is a transformational process continuously created and recreated, learning is a result of past experiences, heredity, and environmental demands, and categorizes learners into converging, diverging, assimilating, and accommodating styles based on their preferences in concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation?

• Dunn and Dunn Learning Style
• Myers and Briggs Learning Style
• Kolb's Learning Theory
• VARK Model

Sentence: Who developed a theory in 1983, focused on intelligence, identifying nine kinds of intelligence located in different parts of the brain: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential, and positing that all learners have all intelligences in different proportions?

• David Kolb
• Rita and Kenneth Dunn
• Howard Gardner
• Carl G. Jung